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Some Famous Scientists of the world.

Albert Einstein

ALBERT EINSTEIN(14 March 1879 -18 April 1955) was a German-born scientist.[4] He worked on theoretical physics.[5] He developed the theory of relativity.[3][6] He received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1921 for the oretical physics. His famous equation is E = m c 2 {\displaystyle E=mc^{2}} (E = energy, m = mass, c = spe ed of light). At the beginning of his career, Einstein did not think that Newtonian mechanics was enough to reconcile (bring together) the laws of classical mechanics and the laws of the electromagnetic field. Between 1902-1909 he developed the theory of special relativity to correct tha t. E instein also thought that Isaac Newton's idea of gravity was not completely correct. So, he extended his ideas on special relativity to include gravity. In 1916 he published a paper on general relativity with his theory of gravitation. In 1933, Einstein was visiting the United States. In Ger many, Adolf Hitler and the Nazis came to power. Einstein, being of Jewish ethnicity, did not retu rn to Germany due to Hitler’s anti-Semitic polici es.[7] He lived in the United States and became an American citizen in 1940.[8] On the beginning of Wo rld War II, he sent a letter to President Franklin D.

Thomas Alva Edison

Thomas Alva Edison(February 11, 1847 -October 18 , 1931) was an American inventor and businessman who has been described as America's greatest inven tor.[1][2][3] He developed many devices in fields such as electric power generation, mass communicat ion, sound recording, and motion pictures.[4] Thes e inventions, which include the phonograph, the mo tion picture camera, and early versions of the el ectric light bulb, have had a widespread impact on the modern industrialized world.[5] He was one o f the first inventors to apply the principles of organized science and teamwork to the process of i nvention, working with many researchers and emplo yees. He established the first industrial researc h laboratory.[6] Edison was raised in the American Midwest; early in hi s career he worked as a telegraph operator, which inspired some of his earliest inventi ons.[4] In 1876, he established his first lab oratory facility in Menlo Park, New Jersey, wh ere many of his early inventions were devel oped. He later established a botanic labora tory in Fort Myers, Florida in collaborat ion with businessmen Henry Ford and Harvey S . Firestone, and a laboratory in West Orang e, New Jersey that featured the world's fir st film studio, the Black Maria. He was a pr olific inventor, holding 1,093 US patents in hi s name, as well as patents in other countries . Edison married twice and fathered six chil dren. He died in 1931 of complications of dia betes.

Stephen William Hawking

Stephen Willian Hawking CH CBE FRS FRSA (8 January 1942 - 14 March 2018) was an Engli sh theoretical physicist, cosmologist, and author who was director of research at the Ce ntre for Theoretical Cosmology at the Univ ersity of Cambridge at the time of his dea th.[18][19][8] He was the Lucasian Professo r of Mathematics at the University of Cambrid ge between 1979 and 2009. Hawking was born in Oxford into a family of doc tors. Hawking began his university educati on at University College, Oxford in October 1959 at the age of 17, where he received a first-class BA (Hons.) degree in physics. He began his graduat e work at Trinity Hall, Cambridge in October 1962, where he obtained his PhD degree in applied mathematics and theoretical physics, specialisi ng in general relativity and cosmology in March 1966. During this period-in 1963-Hawking was di agnosed with an early-onset slow-progressing fo rm of motor neurone disease (also known as amyot rophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) or Lou Gehrig's di sease) that gradually paralysed him over the decades .[20][21] After the loss of his speech, he was able t o communicate through a speech-generating device—ini tially through use of a handheld switch, and eventu ally by using a single cheek muscle. Hawking's scientific works included a collaboration with Roger Penrose on gravitational singularity theorems in the framework of general relativity and the theoretical prediction that black holes e mit radiation, often called Hawking radiation. Initially, Haw king radiation was controversial. By the late 1970s a nd following the publication of further research, th e discovery was widely accepted as a significant brea kthrough in theoretical physics. Hawking was the first to set out a theory of cosmology explained by a union of the gener al theory of relativity and quantum mechanics. He was a vi gorous supporter of the many-worlds interpretation of quantum mechanics.[22][23] Hawking achieved commercial success with several wor ks of popular science in which he discussed his theories and cosmology in general. His book A Br ief History of Time appeared on the Sunday Time s bestseller list for a record-breaking 237 weeks . Hawking was a Fellow of the Royal Society, a lifetim e member of the Pontifical Academy of Sciences, and a recipient of the Presidential Medal of Freedom, the highest civilian award in the United States. In 200 2, Hawking was ranked number 25 in the BBC's poll of the 100 Greatest Britons. He died on 14 March 2018 at the age of 76, after living with motor neurone di sease for more than 50 years.

Sir Isaac Newton

Sir Isaac Newton PRS (25 December 1642 -20 March 1726/27[a]) was an English mathematician, physicist, astronomer, theologian , and author (described in his own day as a " natural philosopher") who is widely recognised as one of the most influential scientists of al l time and as a key figure in the scientific r evolution. His book Philosophiæ Naturalis Prin cipia Mathematica (Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy), first published in 1687, laid the foundations of classical mechanics. N ewton also made seminal contributions to opti cs, and shares credit with Gottfried Wilhelm Le ibniz for developing the infinitesimal calculus. In Principia, Newton formulated the laws of motion an d universal gravitation that formed the dominan t scientific viewpoint until it was superseded b y the theory of relativity. Newton used his math ematical description of gravity to prove Kepler's laws of planetary motion, account for tides, the trajectories of comets, the precession of the equ inoxes and other phenomena, eradicating doubt about the Solar System's heliocentricity. He demonstrated th at the motion of objects on Earth and celestial bodies could be accounted for by the same principles. Newton's in ference that the Earth is an oblate spheroid was late r confirmed by the geodetic measurements of Maupertuis, La Co ndamine, and others, convincing most European scientists o f the superiority of Newtonian mechanics over earlier systems. Newton built the first practical reflecting telescope and developed a sophisticated theory of colour ba sed on the observation that a prism separates w hite light into the colours of the visible spectru m. His work on light was collected in his highly i nfluential book Opticks, published in 1704. He also formulated an empirical law of cooling, made the firs t theoretical calculation of the speed of sound, and introduced the notion of a Newtonian fluid. In addi tion to his work on calculus, as a mathematician N ewton contributed to the study of power series, generalised the binomial theorem to non-integer exponents, developed a method for approximating t he roots of a function, and classified most of the cubic plane curves. Newton was a fellow of Trinity College and the second Lucasian Professor of Mathematics at the Universi ty of Cambridge. He was a devout but unorthodox Christian who privately rejected the doctrine of the Trinity. Unusually for a member of the Cambridge faculty of the day, he refused to t ake holy orders in the Church of England. Beyo nd his work on the mathematical sciences, Newto n dedicated much of his time to the study of alchemy and biblical chronology, but most of his work in those areas remained unpublished un til long after his death. Politically and pers onally tied to the Whig party, Newton served tw o brief terms as Member of Parliament for the U niversity of Cambridge, in 1689-90 and 1701-02. He was knighted by Queen Anne in 1705 and spent the l ast three decades of his life in London, servin g as Warden (1696-1700) and Master (1700-1727) of the Royal Mint, as well as president of the Royal Society (1703-1727).